Toltec Weapons, Armor, and Warfare

Toltec Weapons, Armor, and Warfare From their mighty city of Tollan (Tula), the Toltec civilization dominated Central Mexico from the fall of Teotihuacn to the rise of the Aztec Empire (approximately 900-1150 A.D.). The Toltecs were a warrior culture and fought frequent battles of conquest and subjugation against their neighbors. They warred in order to take victims for sacrifice, expand their empire and spread the cult of Quetzalcoatl, the greatest of their gods. Toltec Arms and Armor Although the site has been heavily looted over the centuries, there are enough surviving statues, friezes and stelae at Tula to indicate what sort of weapons and armor the Toltecs favored. Toltec warriors would wear decorative chest plates and elaborate feather headdresses into battle. They wrapped one arm from the shoulder down in padding and favored small shields which could be quickly used in close combat. A beautiful armored tunic made of seashells was found in an offering in the Burned Palace at Tula: this armor may have been used by a high-ranking soldier or king in battle. For ranged combat, they had long darts which could be launched with lethal force and accuracy by their atlatls, or javelin throwers. For close combat, they had swords, maces, knives and a special curved club-like weapon inlaid with blades which could be used to batter or slash. Warrior Cults For the Toltecs, wars and conquest were closely linked to their religion. The large and formidable army was likely composed of religious warrior orders, including but not limited to coyote and jaguar warriors. A small statue of a Tlaloc-warrior was unearthed at Ballcourt One, indicating the presence of a Tlaloc warrior cult at Tula, much like the one that was present at Teotihuacn, the predecessor of the Toltec culture. The columns on top of Pyramid B are four-sided: on them they show gods including Tezcatlipoca and Quetzalcoatl in full battle gear, providing further evidence for the presence of warrior-cults at Tula. The Toltecs aggressively spread the worship of Quetzalcoatl and military conquest was one way to do so. The Toltecs and Human Sacrifice There is ample evidence at Tula and in the historical record that the Toltecs were avid practitioners of human sacrifice. The most obvious indication of human sacrifice is the presence of a tzompantli, or skull rack. Archaeologists have unearthed no fewer than seven Chac Mool statues at Tula (some of which are complete and some of which are only pieces). Chac Mool statues depict a reclining man, belly-up, holding a recipient or bowl on his abdomen. The recipients were used for offerings, including human sacrifices. In ancient legends still told to this day by locals, Ce Atl Quetzalcoatl, the god-king who founded the city, had a dispute with the followers of Tezcatlipoca, mostly about how much human sacrifice was needed to appease the gods: the followers of Tezcatlipoca (who favored more sacrifices) won the conflict and were able to drive Ce Atl Quetzalcoatl out. Military Iconography at Tula It seems that nearly all of the surviving art at the ruined city of Tula has a military or warlike theme to it. The most iconic pieces at Tula are by far the four Atalantes or mighty statues which grace the top of Pyramid B. These statues, which tower over visitors at 17 ft. (4.6 m) high, are of warriors armed and dressed for battle. They bear typical armor, headdresses, and weapons including the curved, bladed club and dart launcher. Nearby, four pillars depict gods and high-ranking soldiers in battle dress. Reliefs carved into benches show processions of chieftains in battle gear. A six-foot stela of a governor dressed as a priest of Tlaloc bears a curved mace and dart launcher. Conquest and Subject States Although historical data is scarce, it is likely that the Toltecs of Tula conquered several nearby states and held them as vassals, demanding tribute such as food, goods, weapons and even soldiers. Historians are divided concerning the scope of the Toltec Empire. There is some evidence that it may have reached as far as the Gulf Coast, but there is no conclusive proof that it extended more than a hundred kilometers in any direction from Tula. The post-Maya city of Chichen Itza shows clear architectural and thematic influence from Tula, but historians generally agree that this influence came from trade or Tula nobles in exile, not from military conquest. Conclusions The Toltecs were mighty warriors who must have been greatly feared and respected in central Mesoamerica during their heyday from about 900-1150 A.D. They used advanced weapons and armor for the time, and were organized into fervent warrior clans serving different ruthless gods. Sources Charles River Editors. The History and Culture of the Toltec. Lexington: Charles River Editors, 2014.Cobean, Robert H., Elizabeth Jimà ©nez Garcà ­a and Alba Guadalupe Mastache. Tula. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica, 2012.Coe, Michael D and Rex Koontz. 6th Edition. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2008.Davies, Nigel. The Toltecs: Until the Fall of Tula. Norman: the University of Oklahoma Press, 1987.Gamboa Cabezas, Luis Manuel. El Palacio Quemado, Tula: Seis Decadas de Investigaciones. Arqueologia Mexicana XV-85 (May-June 2007). 43-47Hassig, Ross. War and Society in Ancient Mesoamerica. University of California Press, 1992.Jimenez Garcia, Esperanza Elizabeth. Iconografà ­a guerrera en la escultura de Tula, Hidalgo. Arqueologia Mexicana XIV-84 (March-April 2007). 54-59.

Online Public Schools for Wisconsin Students

Online Public Schools for Wisconsin Students Wisconsin offers resident students the opportunity to take online public school courses for free. Though students normally attend a public school in the district where they live, Wisconsin allows students to enroll in public schools in other districts, so although a school is chartered in one district, students statewide can enroll.    JEDI Virtual Online PK-12 School JEDI Virtual School, a not-for-profit charter school, offered its first distance education class in the 1996-1997 school year and was the first school of its kind in Wisconsin.   JEDI focuses on personalized attention. Full-time online students are assigned, in addition to their highly qualified teachers, learning coaches to help with time management and tracking students’ achievements. Also, a student services coordinator oversees course schedules, monitors grades and attendance, and makes any necessary schedule adjustments. Curriculum options include AP and dual-credit courses. The chartering district is  Whitewater Unified School District.   Wisconsin Virtual Academy Wisconsin Virtual Academy (WIVA)’s core values are â€Å"Achieve, Communicate, Collaborate Engage (ACCE).† WIVA promotes a collaborative, student-centered approach to ​developing young adults who are ready for college or a career. With the school’s individualized program, K-5 students learn at their own pace in a mastery-based curriculum. Middle school students study core subjects as well as self-guided electives in music or world language. High schoolers have a diversity of options for meeting their educational needs. This full-time, tuition-free, online public charter school is authorized by the McFarland School District. Monroe Virtual Middle School​​ The Monroe Virtual Middle School (MVMS) uses computer-based courses, correspondence, independent study and experiential credit-based options to offer a flexible approach to earning middle school credit. Approved by the School District of Monroe Board of Education, MVMS offers a three-year middle school diploma. The MVMS program understands that all students are entitled to have the opportunity to earn a middle school education, but not all students are well served in a traditional classroom setting.  Students at MVMS can earn credit for work study and service learning.​ eAchieve Academy The vision of the eAchieve Academy team  is as follows: â€Å"Using todays technology to educate tomorrows leaders.†Ã‚  All Academy faculty and staff pledge to help students develop to their full potential and lay the groundwork for life success. To bolster that pledge, the curriculum at eAchieve is constantly evolving, as courses, technologies and social opportunities are added to address the needs of the diverse student body. First known as iQAcademy Wisconsin, eAchieve Academy has the most graduates and some of the best ACT and high school WKCE scores of any online Wisconsin high school. eAchieve added its virtual middle school in 2009 and its virtual elementary school in 2014. The school can boast of four National Merit Scholar Finalists and 916 total high school graduates since 2004 (as of May 2017).

Public Safety and Privacy Analysis Research Paper

Public Safety and Privacy Analysis - Research Paper Example cumstances, which justify the actions of law enforcement officers to enter a house without a warrant as demonstrated in the case discussed in this paper. Law enforcement officers answered a disturbance call near Allen Road in Brownstown, Michigan. Officer Christopher Goolsby later bore witness that, as he and his colleague drew near the area, a couple directed them to a house, in which they narrated that a man â€Å"was going crazy.†The officers proceeded to the residence and discovered the household in complete chaos; this could be manifested by damaged property and traces of blood on the hood of a pick-up truck with a smashed front. Through the window, the police officers could catch a glimpse of Jeremy Fisher inside the house, shouting and tossing objects around. When the law enforcement officers knocked at the door, Jeremy Fisher declined to answer. The officers noticed that Fisher had a cut on his hand; however, the defendant disregarded inquiries concerning whether he needed medical attention. Instead, Fisher demanded that the police officers go and obtain a search warrant (Acker & Brody, 2012). Through the window of the opened door, Officer Goolsby could see Fisher aiming a gun in his direction, which compelled him to retract. Eventually, the officers managed to overpower fisher and secure the premises. Jeremy Fisher was arraigned in court under Michigan law and charged with assault with a lethal weapon, and being in possession of a firearm amid the commission of an offence. The trial court awarded Fisher’s motion to suppress the evidence, concurring with him that the confiscation of the gun contravened of his Fourth Amendment rights (Acker & Malatesta, 2012). The Michigan Court of Appeals sustained the argument (over a dissent by Judge Talbot) that the warrantless intrusion into defendant’s house breached Fisher’s Fourth Amendment rights as the circumstance â€Å"did not match to the point of an emergency validating the warrantless invasion.† The

To Pledge or not to Pledge Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

To Pledge or not to Pledge - Research Paper Example According to Nelson (2012), the enduring significance of the Nightingale Pledge may be attributed to the legacy of the first nursing icon, Florence Nightingale, in her unwavering dedication to cater the needs of the sick and needy, particularly during difficult times, such as war, famine, disease, and natural calamities (pp. 10-11). Considering the eminent influence of the Nightingale Pledge on a nurse’s life, this paper attempts to uncover the underlying historical significance of the said pledge. Further, this paper also attempts to study the various contexts of the Pledge, especially its functions, purpose, ethical significance, limitations, and criticisms. Historical Role As a profession, nursing is deeply rooted in the society due to its outward protection of the rights of humans, particularly in their rights to life and well-being. In fact, Fagermoen (2005) states that the philosophical foundations of nursing are based on the principles of Humanism wherein nurses, even i n their early not standardized practice, aim to protect, serve, and preserve human life (p. 157). Florence Nightingale embodies those humanistic values in her devotion to tend the wounded soldiers of the Crimean War, and, while alleviating the physical conditions of the soldiers, she also attempts to advance the care systems and psychosocial environment of hospitals so as to make those more conducive to a faster healing process (Fagermoen, 2005, p. 157). During her tenure as a military nurse, she wrote a series of nursing books and notes outlining the basic responsibilities and duties of a nurse, which, in later years, became the theoretical and practical foundations of professional nursing (Kim, 2005, p. 1). The life and works of Florence Nightingale gave birth to the nursing profession, a profession that overcomes barriers of time, place, culture, and religion. For instance, although her works influenced the nursing profession, Florence Nightingale was not the one who wrote the Ni ghtingale Pledge; instead, the pledge was authored by Lystra Gretter, an American nurse (â€Å"The Nightingale Pledge,† n.d.). The pledge was first professed by the 1893 nursing graduates of Detroit’s Harper’s Hospital. Nightingale’s legacy even reached in Japan during the outbreak of the war in 1945 wherein a head nurse in Hiroshima Army Red Cross initiated the recitation of the Nightingale Pledge to restore calm and order in the panic-stricken hospital due to the defeat and surrender of the Japanese militia. Nursing stories around the world relate to the Nightingale Pledge wherein most, if not all, nurses find self-satisfaction in their work through saving the lives of others. Function and Purpose In analyzing the Nightingale Pledge, one can infer that the pledge functions as an ethical guide for nurses in their professional practice while it also aims to indicate the roles, obligations, and limitations of being a nurse. For instance, although the Night ingale Pledge undergoes several legislative revisions and amendments due to socio-cultural concerns, the revised and amended versions of the pledge still maintains the universal nursing standard of conduct, which includes professionalism (â€Å"The Code of Ethics,† 2010, p. xiv). For instance, some of the revisions include the ANA 1950 Code and the 1976 Code; each of which outlines the recommended nurse-patient relationship, which is primarily on a professional level. For instance, the prevailing idea of the revised editions delves on a

Strategic Marketing Plan Essay Example for Free

Strategic Marketing Plan Essay This growth will be the direct result of a new toothpaste product launch. The following plan draws on related Industry, Competitive, and Consumer analyses to justify the production of a â€Å"mouth pod† and the market for such a future-oriented design. The plan also provides an implementation plan for the launch of this product, as well as a recovery plan. Overall, this â€Å"outside-the-box† thinking will set Crest apart from its competitors. Unfortunately, given the current state of the economy, there are insufficient resources to support a national or even a regional launch of the new product. Thus, the product will initially launch in only one New York County. Rochester, in Monroe County was chosen on the basis that it holds the highest potential for the product’s success. Syracuse in Onondaga County and Binghamton in Broome County were not chosen. This choice is supported with data from a comparative analysis that demonstrates how and why it is believed to be the best potential geographical market. The recommended geographic area is premised on a detailed and careful assessment of the geographic market(s) and how the chosen county best suits this proposed strategy. This will serve as a trial; if the product performs well in Monroe County, it will later be rolled-out to more areas. This subsequent roll-out will determine whether the product is given a national launch. SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS: SWOT STRENGTHS * Inventive design, unlike any other toothpaste product on the market. * TWBA Chiat Day will significantly assist Crest in leveraging the So Mod Mouth Podsâ„ ¢. * Consumers are seeking coupons due to the current state of the economy. WEAKNESSES * Most of Crest’s products are either mature or declining within the product life cycle. As a result, new products are continuously introduced. * Competitors are able to quickly release comparable products, intensifying competition. * Toothpaste promotions often use sales to drive new purchases based on price. OPPORTUNITIES * Product differentiation- with the amount of rivalry, there is plenty of reason to invent and innovate. * Essential to western hygiene- there is no one who would argue that brushing one’s teeth with toothpaste is not a hygienic staple in western culture. * Emerging markets- as is true with a large variety of industries, the developing world poses a huge opportunity for growth. THREATS * Everyone is essentially selling the same thing- The Company is no longer selling toothpaste, but more the brand or the features of the toothpaste. * Low switching costs- At one point, toothpaste purchases were mainly driven by individual habits, inclination towards particular flavor and familiarity with the product However, consumers are much more price-sensitive after the recession, even in the recovery stage. They do not always stick to brands they desire, they are now shopping for the best value. * Competitors, namely Colgate, infringing on prized shelf space. ISSUES ANALYSIS amp;OBJECTIVES Issue #1: Product differentiation The toothpaste product market is heavily saturated with products (and product lines) that are very similar to each other. They all cover the range of benefits that toothpaste consumers seek, from whitening to tartar control. Consumers are fatigued by the vast array and similarity of toothpaste products available on store and virtual shelves. Fatigue in relation to innovation exists as well, because toothpaste brands have pushed innovation to its limit. Even the newest toothpaste products like Colgate â€Å"New? Optic White Toothpaste and Crest â€Å"New? 3D White Toothpaste do not have much of an edge. Six months after launch, the perception of innovation and relevance fades away. Whitening was once an innovative feature, but is now expected. For a new toothpaste product to be successful, it will need to break free of this mold. Objective: To achieve sales of 50,000 packs of day and night â€Å"mouth pods† by the second quarter. Strategy: Crest will follow a strategy based on innovation and disruption. The launch of this new product will break through the clutter comprised of existing toothpaste products. It will feature the Crest logo, thereby boosting brand awareness and sales of other Crest products. Ultimately, a new product category may arise out of a successful campaign for this launch. The new product will be available in two versions: one made specifically for brushing in the morning, and a companion product made specifically for brushing at night. The daytime use product would have light-colored packaging, and the nighttime use product would have dark-colored packaging. If the product is very successful, it could set other brands into their own category of being â€Å"anytime† toothpaste products. Crest’s new brand will gain market share from being in its own niche. A companion product for nighttime use will push more people to brush their teeth before going to sleep. This will not only improve the top line growth of Crest’s new brand, but it will also cause consumers to develop the good habit of brushing two or more times a day; this may also increase the frequency in which a consumer must purchase toothpaste. Tactics: The new product will have a slightly higher price point than that of Crest’s current â€Å"New? products and those of competitors. Since toothpaste is a low involvement purchase, tactics will focus on drawing consumers? attention. Display stands and posters will accomplish this by brining consumers? attention to the product’s placement on retail shelves. The package design will stand out amongst other toothpaste products on the shelves. Online promotions will include banner ads on retail websites and social media profiles, including Facebook and Twitter. Special offers for the product will be made both online and in stores. Issue #2: Growth Stagnant growth in the U. S. market has plagued the toothpaste industry. As mentioned in the Industry Analysis, 98% of Americans are users of toothpaste, which does not allow for much growth. The population it is not increasing at a rate high enough to sustain our goals of driving up sales in this country. Objective: To move Crest to the position of market leader by at least 5% points by the end of the fourth quarter. In current terms, Crest would need to gain another 6% of the market to ultimately have 41% and a five point advantage over Colgate. Strategy: Jump start the competition against Colgate by targeting a niche segment of the U. S. population who already enjoy luxury grooming products and are willing to try wild and new products. The primary target would be adults, ages 18-45 who consider themselves to be upper-middle class. The secondary target includes 18-30 year-olds who are still experimenting with new products and have not settled into a rut of brand loyalty. Our new product delivers the burst of innovation that has been so severely lacking in the toothpaste industry. We are offering a brand new delivery system and a feature that has yet to be mass-produced. Tactics: Strategic product releases that start in higher end supermarkets and drugstores. Releases will then move down the scale towards large discounters and superstores such as Wal-Mart. Although the new product will be priced only slightly higher than the average toothpaste, the goal is to position it as a more luxurious and fun way to brush one’s teeth. The roll-out for the test market will begin in January of 2013 and continue being released, hitting discount stores in July. The time sensitivity of this product release is almost irrelevant because there is no season of increased sales. Starting early in the year is just a ploy to have a fresh and energizing start to 2013. Placement on shelf will be further taken into consideration once packaging is completely finalized. Issue#3: Existing Brand Loyalty Consumers are more likely to continue purchasing toothpaste brands that they have used since an early age. Therefore, in order to gain a leading market share within the toothpaste segment of the oral care industry, it will be essential to break current purchasing behaviors of our targeted consumers. Objective: Our objective is to increase our brand equity by 25% within the first year of our pilot phase, specifically from repeat purchases by conquest buyers, who initially try Crest „New? So Mod Mouth Podsâ„ ¢ after being exposed to our integrated advertising campaign. Strategy: To spend $3M on advertising and promotion through an integrated advertising campaign that will highlight the benefits exclusively offered by our brand. Crest „New? So Mod Mouth Podsâ„ ¢ will reinvent the functionality of toothpaste and will bring a refreshing change to consumer perceptions of the category. Pamp;G and its competitors provide toothpaste products that meet current consumer expectations: whitening, plaque and tartar control, fluoride treatment, sensitivity, cavity and gingivitis prevention, and fresh breath. However, Pamp;G understands that consumers more strongly demand value, quality, and convenience. Overall, Pamp;G acknowledges the current, stagnant, state of the oral care industry and projects that the â€Å"pod† design will be a profitable opportunity to capitalize upon. Crest „New? So Mod Mouth Podsâ„ ¢ will fuse the benefits of current products with such a futuristic product design, that in effect it will weaken the bonds of loyalty non-Crest users have. The awareness of this fusion will be accomplished through targeted advertisements. Tactics: Advertising amp; Promotion Ad Agency Service Pamp;G will assign TBWA Chiat Day responsibilities for the launch campaign of Crest â€Å"New? So Mod Mouth Podsâ„ ¢, aligning our vision of Crest â€Å"New? So Mod Mouth Podsâ„ ¢ with the culture of this agency that values the concept of disruption as the underlying basis of its campaigns. Trial offer Pamp;G will send out to a sample of consumers $1. 50 off any purchase of our Crest â€Å"New? So Mod Mouth Podsâ„ ¢. This will be for a limited time of one month, before coupon discounts decline in value. Social Media Facebook â€Å"Likes† amp; Free Samples: Pamp;G will offer a 2-flavor sample pack to the first 1000 consumers, who â€Å"like† the Crest â€Å"New? So Mod Mouth Podsâ„ ¢ Facebook Page on the day of our launch. MARKETING MIX Product: Crest „New? So Mod Mouth Podsâ„ ¢ A pack will contain 60 pods; consumers could use one to brush in the morning and one at night. One product would be expected to last for one month before replacement. Crest aims to provide a whole-mouth cleaning experience that is convenient and intuitive. The product is sleek and modern in both look and feel. Our New Product’s Features The new product will have a mix of innovative and expected features. Innovative features include the products formulation; it is a fusion of toothpaste, gel and mouthwash in a round capsule. Within each capsule there will be invisible pockets of pressurized air. Like foaming toothpastes, this product will begin to foam soon after popping in a user? s mouth. The foam will get in-between teeth to fight cavities and kill germs that cause bad breath. The volume of one capsule is smaller than the amount of toothpaste generally applied by consumers to a toothbrush. The mouth pods are safer than toothpaste in cases of accidental ingestion. Active Ingredients Sodium Fluoride (0. 243%). Energy blend: panax ginseng root extract, acai fruit extract, yerba mate leaf extract, guarana seed extract. Inactive Ingredients: Glycerin Hydrated Silica, Water, Sorbitol, Sodium Hexametaphosphate, Propylene Glycol, Flavor, Peg-12, Cocamidopropyl Betaine, Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, Carbomer 956, Sodium Saccharin, Poloxamer 407, Polyethylene Oxide, Xanthan Gum, Sodium Hydroxide, Cellulose Gum, Titanium Dioxide. A blend of panax ginseng root extract, acai fruit extract, yerba mate leaf extract and guarana seed extract will serve as a very slight stimulant. While these substances won’t provide the kind of instant jolt expected from caffeine, they will deliver a healthier feeling of energy and alertness. The product for use in mornings would promote this feature as a burst of energy, a perfect way to start the day. Silica is similar to what dentists use to create a professional clean feeling. Expected Features Initially in relation to the research found about our target market, there will be a variety of basic flavors like Mint and Bubblegum. One of the product’s ingredients are a patented flavor booster to keep breathe ultra fresh. The product uses a fluoride mineral formulation to strengthen weakened tooth enamel. It reinforces enamel layers by rebuilding the weak spots on teeth. A sensitive element in the formulation protects against painful oral sensation. The product provides twelve hour protection from gingivitis, plaque, tender gums, bad breath, cavities and tartar. It promotes healthy gums and safely lifts off yellowing surface stains to restore natural whiteness to teeth. Packaging Design: The packaging will divide its capacity amongst a place for the day pods and the night pods. It will be clearly labeled. An advantage of this is that two different flavors can be included in one package, which gives the consumer the ability to have choice. This is innovative because usually a consumer is confined to one flavor, until they purchase a new tube of paste. Price With an analysis of current products and our assumptions of the cost of goods sold, we believe Crest „New? So Mod Mouth Podsâ„ ¢ must initially be priced at $5. 25 unit cost (without sales tax or shipping cost). Promotion An integrated marketing communications campaign will leverage the strengths of outdoor, print and television advertisements to create positive brand impressions. Online promotions will also be used: the design of Crest? website is modern and easily navigable, with links to social media extensions. A Facebook page will be created to focus solely on the new product, while Crest? s main Twitter account will promote the new product. Word of mouth buzz will be generated as the product becomes more popular. It will stem from creative in-store displays and social media communications. Place amp; Distribution Channels Crest â€Å"New? So Mod Mouth Pods will be available in the oral health care aisle of many stores in Monroe County, including CVS Pharmacy, Wegmans, Target, Walgreens, Wal-Mart, K-Mart, Sam? Club, and Costco. It will further be available for purchase online at the following websites: CVS. com, Target. com, Costco. com, Drugstore. com, Walgreens. com, Amazon. com, and Soap. com. Target Market Overall, the current target consumers for Crest „New? Toothpaste Podsâ„ ¢ are adults, ages 18-45 who consider themselves to be upper-middle class. The secondary target includes 18-30 year-olds who are still experimenting with new products and have not settled into a rut of brand loyalty. The basis for this decision is supported by the overall situational analysis, and pecifically the Consumer Analysis, which demonstrates that young adults are the largest demographic segment that adopts new product innovations. In effect, introducing a higher priced innovative product will be perceived as attractive to yo unger men and women, who are financially able and willing to try a new product. Given the research completed within the Consumer Analysis the county that best fulfills our target market is Monroe County. This county contains the highest population size of all three counties with a population of 735,343 people (Census, 2010). As shown in figure 1, Rochester (the largest metropolis area in Monroe County) has one the largest percentage of individuals between the ages of 15-49. Figure 1 also indicates that Rochester contains the highest percentage of the population with households containing individuals less than 18 years of age. By capturing this segment of the market, Crest can capitalize on repeat purchasing of these individuals, who will eventually be purchasing their own products. The Rochester area contains the highest population of African Americans of the three major cities with 41. 7% (Census 2010). This is a concern when marketing a new toothpaste product because as mentioned in the Consumer Analysis, African Americans are the most prone out of any demographic to purchase store brands over national brand toothpastes. However, when looking at the snap shot of the three counties provided in the Consumer Analysis African American’s only represent 15. 2% out of 735,343. This makes the finding insignificant and should not hinder the success of our new product when looking at the total population of the county. Figure 1: Overview of the three most populous areas in each of the counties | Monroe | Broome | Onondaga | Households with individuals under 18 years | 30. 40% | 23. 40% | 29% | 15-49 | 54% | 44. 60% | 54. 70% | 0-49,999 | 70. 30% | 67. 60% | 70. 00% | $50,000 to $200,000+ | 29. 70% | 32. 40% | 30% | Per capita money income in past 12 months (2010 dollars) 2006-2010 | $17,865 | $21,455 | $17,866 | Median household income 2006-2010 | $30,138 | $30,702 | $30,891 | Persons below poverty level, percent, 2006-2010 | 30. 40% | 27. 80% | 31. 10% | Since we are marketing a new innovative toothpaste product, promotion is another primary aspect in reaching our target market. The advertisements that accompany the launch of the â€Å"New? So Mod Mouth Podsâ„ ¢ should focus on the point of differentiation that this product will provide, such as convenience and multi-functionality. This will propel the product into a more diverse demographic segment as well. The income of the consumer is another factor driving the sales of this product. The Claritas? profiles that were identified in the Rochester Area were as follows: Suburban Sprawl, Young Influential, Domestic Duos, Home Sweet Home, New Empty Nests, and Country Casuals. These profiles were seen to be the most apt to be innovators or at the very least have the capital to try a new product. As outlined in the Consumer Analysis, these profiles have the income as well as the innovator psyche. When analyzing the areas surrounding Rochester, Esri data shows that the population contains affluent Prosperous Empty Nesters, College Towns, Sophisticated Squires, Connoisseurs, and Aspiring Young Families. The profiles of the surrounding areas of Rochester are ideal consumers for our new product because they indicate savvy consumers, who have the appropriate discretionary income to spend on new innovations and are motivated to do so. The Rochester area contains a number of colleges and universities, which will further fuel the sales of this new product, with convenience as the primary selling point. The benefits analysis section within the Consumer Analysis outlines what the consumer needs are. Consumers desire a product that makes clear points of difference, making the selection process less cumbersome. Since So Mod Mouth Podsâ„ ¢ are so unique from the other typical toothpaste products available, it will be easy for the consumer to perceive the added benefits of this product. So Mod Mouth Podsâ„ ¢ provide the consumer with all the mainstream benefits, while reinventing the toothpaste industry. RESEARCH amp; EVALUATION 1. Objective: To achieve sales of 50,000 packs of day and night mouth pods by the second quarter. Evaluation Mechanisms: Sales will be monitored by retail databases as they occur, and reported back to Crest immediately. 2. Objective: To move Crest to the position of market leader by at least five (5) percentage points by the end of the fourth quarter. In current terms, Crest would need to gain another 6% of the market to ultimately have 41% and a five point Advantage over Colgate. Evaluation Mechanisms: Market-share charts the issue of stagnant growth, will need a constant eye on the whole industry. Specifically, the amount of sales each company is acquiring. A market-share chart will become the most important tool in keeping the goal of becoming the industry leader on track. Sales will be monitored by retail databases as they occur, and reported back to Crest immediately. Other research will come from reevaluating the most desirable shelf space in stores. To negotiate the best spot in the aisle, the most looked-at spot needs to be known. Its common knowledge that eye level is preferable, but reaffirming research wouldn’t hurt. The research on market share will begin immediately and continue throughout 2013. The ideal shelf space research will finish 3 months prior to the launch to allow time for negotiation with retailers. Evaluation of the tactics will come via tracking sales figures, units sold, and the market share throughout 2013. 3. Objective: Our objective is to increase our brand equity by 25% within the first year of our pilot phase, specifically from repeat purchases by conquest buyers, who initially try Crest „New? So Mod Mouth Podsâ„ ¢ after being exposed to our integrated advertising campaign. Evaluation Mechanisms: Management Dashboard Through the use of our Active Data Warehouse we will be able to track all of our marketing campaigns and how closely they are aligning with our strategies stated above. We will initially be offering $1. 50 coupons, and will be actively measuring the impact of this on our weekly sales and revenue. Furthermore, TWBA Chiat Day will gather extensive consumer data based upon the advertising and promotion campaigns that the agency puts forth to implement within the next year.

Free College Admissions Essays: I Look Great in Ivy! :: College Admissions Essays

I Look Great in Ivy! Â   Discovering and choosing a university that fulfills all of my needs was a rigorous yet exciting task. The Ivy U clearly emerged as the best choice for me and I, as a great match for the university. After visiting the campus, reading the information pamphlet, and researching the university Web site, I realize that Ivy offers what I hope to gain from my college experience. In return, I will contribute to the university as a person with leadership qualities who takes initiative and enjoys participating in school events. Â   For many years, I have wanted to become a midwife, and the Ivy School of Nursing stands out as the premium institution for such training. The university's close proximity to many hospitals will familiarize me with patients and hospital life, allowing me the best training possible. Â   As an individual, I will thrive in the intimate and familiar environment of the nursing school, one of Ivy's smallest schools. Coming from a small high school, I was greatly impressed by my visit to the campus, where I noticed the close relationships between the professors and students, and the strong family feeling within the nursing school. Â   The location of Ivy's nursing school within the large campus of Ivy's other schools offers myriad benefits. Firstly, I will have the opportunity to take classes in any of the other schools at Ivy, and this seamless academic integration will allow me to pursue my interests outside of nursing. Â   In addition to academic breadth, there are a greater variety of extra-curricular activities available on the larger campus. I am excited about continuing my interests in sports and theater. I have played on my high school's varsity volleyball team for two years and I plan to play volleyball throughout college in Ivy's women's club volleyball. I also performed in The Sound of Music in high school and the Teatron will allow me to actively participate in theater. Â   As president of the student council, I have always promoted school spirit, and I intend to continue my enthusiastic involvement throughout my college career. My school places a large emphasis on test grades and homework, creating a serious mood throughout the school. As president, I have tried to enrich the school experience by planning events such as school lunches and interesting field trips.

Forms, Symptoms And Factors Of Breast Cancer

Breast malignant neoplastic disease is a disease in which the tissues of the chest signifier malignant malignant neoplastic disease cells. Normally the tubing which carry the milk to the mammilla ( canals ) and secretory organ ( lobules ) . It is common in both work forces and adult females ; male chest malignant neoplastic disease is rare although, it is considered a heterogenous disease differing by single, age group, and even the sorts of cells within the tumor themselves.Types of Breast Cancers:Ductal Carcinoma: it is the non-invasive chest malignant neoplastic disease, which starts in the cell line of the chest ‘s canals, beneath the mammilla and areola. The canals supply milk to the mammilla. Between 85 % and 90 % of all chest malignant neoplastic diseases are ductal. Lobular Carcinoma: it begins in the lobes, or secretory organs which produce milk in the chest. These are located inside the chest, under the canals. About 8 % of chest malignant neoplastic diseases are lobular Inflammatory Breast Cancer: It is the least common, rapid signifier of chest malignant neoplastic disease, which can be progress about 1 % to 3 % to name. This chest will appears conceited and inflamed it causes by redness by taking the signifier of sheets or nests. It can get down in the soft tissues of the chest under the tegument, or it can look in the tegument Paget ‘s disease of the nipple/areola: this malignant neoplastic disease appears as skin roseola on the mammilla or unsmooth tegument. It can be resembles as itchy. The marks of rubing and may be under the surface of the tegument. This will bespeak a little Ductal carcinoma in suit ( DCIS )Phases of Breast Cancer:Phase 0: is sometimes used to depict unnatural cells that are non invasive malignant neoplastic disease. For illustration, Stage 0 is used for Ductal carcinoma in situ ( DCIS ) . DCIS is diagnosed when unnatural cells are in the liner of a chest canal, but the unnatural cells have non invaded nearby breast tissue or spread outside the canal. Although many physicians do n't see DCIS to be malignant neoplastic disease, DCIS sometimes becomes invasive chest malignant neoplastic disease if non treated. Phase I: is an early phase of invasive chest malignant neoplastic disease. Cancer cells have invaded chest tissue beyond where the malignant neoplastic disease started, but the cells have non spread beyond the chest. The tumour is no more than 2 centimeters ( three-fourthss of an inch ) across. Phase Two: is one of the followers: The tumour is no more than 2 centimeters across. The malignant neoplastic disease has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm. The tumour is between 2 and 5 centimeters The malignant neoplastic disease has non spread to the lymph nodes under the arm. The tumour is larger than 5 centimeters.The malignant neoplastic disease has non spread to the lymph nodes under the arm. Phase Three: is locally advanced malignant neoplastic disease. It is divided into Phase III A: Breast Cancer-the tumour is larger than two centimeters but smaller than five centimeters ( about one to two inches ) and has spread to up to nine subsidiary underhand lymph nodes. Phase III B: Breast Cancer- the malignant neoplastic disease has spread to tissues near the chest including the tegument, chest wall, ribs, musculuss, or lymph nodes in the chest wall or above the clavicle. Phase Four: is distant metastatic malignant neoplastic disease. The malignant neoplastic disease has spread to other parts of the organic structure, such as the castanetss or liver.Incidence:How common is breast malignant neoplastic disease:As per the study in 2007, 45,700 adult females were victim of the chest malignant neoplastic disease. While in the same twelvemonth the work forces count goes to 277 were diagnosed. Incidence rate of chest malignant neoplastic disease in females around by 50 % over the last 20 five. Out of 10 eight of adult females 50 old ages of age were enduring from chest malignant neoplastic disease. Breast malignant neoplastic disease rates have increased up to 5 % in last 10 old ages. National Health Service ( NHS ) testing programmes were conducted in that more than 16,000 instances found in UK in 2007/2008. Among that NHS testing programme claim to salvage 1,000 lives each twelvemonth. Throughout the universe around 1.38 million adult females were diagnosed with the chest malignant neoplastic disease. Incidence rate of chest malignant neoplastic disease were extremely considerable in western in Europe, as per low rates considerable in Africa and Asia Europeans brotherhood shows breast malignant neoplastic disease were diagnosed around 332,000 in the twelvemonth of 2008. 12,000 adult females and 70 work forces were died from chest malignant neoplastic disease in 2008 in the UK. More than half of 70 old ages of age are died from chest malignant neoplastic disease. Worldwide 458,000 adult females are died from chest malignant neoplastic disease in 2008. It is the 2nd most common cause of decease of adult females after lung malignant neoplastic disease. In Europe brotherhood around 89,000 died from chest malignant neoplastic disease in 2008.Signs and Symptoms:Early chest malignant neoplastic disease normally does n't do symptoms but as the tumor grows, it can alter how the chest looks or feels. The common alterations include: †¢ A ball or thickener in or near the chest or in the underhand country †¢ A alteration in the size or form of the chest †¢ Dimpling or rumpling in the tegument of the chest †¢ A mammilla turned inward into the chest †¢ Discharge ( fluid ) from the mammilla, particularly if it ‘s bloody Most symptoms of chest upset do non turn out to stand for implicit in chest malignant neoplastic disease. Benign chest diseases such as mastitis and fibro adenoma of the chest are more common causes of chest upset symptoms. The visual aspect of a new symptom should be taken earnestly by both patients and their physicians, because of the possibility of an implicit in chest malignant neoplastic disease at about any age.Hazard Factors:Many of the most of import hazard factors for chest malignant neoplastic disease are beyond your control, such as age, household history, and medical history. However, there are some hazard factors you can command, such as weight, physical activity, and intoxicant ingestion. Age: The opportunity of acquiring chest malignant neoplastic disease increases as you get older. Most adult females are 60+ old ages old when they are diagnosed. Personal wellness history: Having chest malignant neoplastic disease in one chest increases your hazard of acquiring malignant neoplastic disease in your other chest. Besides, holding certain types of unnatural chest cells ( untypical hyperplasia, lobular carcinoma in situ [ LCIS ] , or Ductal carcinoma in situ [ DCIS ] ) increases the hazard of invasive chest malignant neoplastic disease. These conditions are found with a chest biopsy. Family wellness history: Your hazard of chest malignant neoplastic disease is higher if your female parent, male parent, sister, or girl had breast malignant neoplastic disease. The hazard is even higher if your household member had breast malignant neoplastic disease before age 50. Having other relations ( in either your female parent ‘s or male parent ‘s household ) with chest malignant neoplastic disease or ovarian malignant neoplastic disease may besides increase your hazard.Hazard factors you can command:Weight: Being overweight is associated with increased hazard of chest malignant neoplastic disease, particularly for adult females after climacteric. Fat tissue is the organic structure ‘s chief beginning of estrogens after climacteric, when the ovaries stop bring forthing the endocrine. Having more fat tissue means holding higher estrogens degrees, which can increase chest malignant neoplastic disease hazard. Exercise: Evidence is turning that exercising can cut down chest malignant neoplastic disease hazard. The American Cancer Society recommends prosecuting in 45-60 proceedingss of physical exercising 5 or more yearss a hebdomad. Alcohol ingestion: Surveies have shown that chest malignant neoplastic disease hazard additions with the sum of intoxicant a adult female drinks. Alcohol can restrict your liver ‘s ability to command blood degrees of the endocrine estrogens, which in bend can increase hazard. Smoke: Smoke is associated with a little addition in chest malignant neoplastic disease hazard.Treatment:Womans enduring with chest malignant neoplastic disease have many types of intervention options. The intervention options are best for one adult female may non be best for another. The intervention options are: Surgery Radiation therapy Hormone therapy Chemotherapy Targeted therapy Among this Surgery and radiation therapy are types of local therapy. They remove or destroy malignant neoplastic disease in the chest. Hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy are types of systemic therapy. The drug enters in to bloodstream and destruct or controls malignant neoplastic disease throughout the organic structure. The intervention that ‘s right for you depends chiefly on the phase of the malignant neoplastic disease, the consequences of the endocrine receptor trials, the consequence of the HER2/neu trial, and your general wellness.SurgeryPresents Surgery is the most common intervention for chest malignant neoplastic disease. It consist of 2 types Breast-sparing surgery: This type of surgery is to take the malignant neoplastic disease but non the chest. It besides called breast-conserving surgery. It can be a lumpectomy or a segmental mastectomy. Sometimes an excisional biopsy is the lone surgery a adult female needs because the sawbones removed the whole ball. Mastectomy: This type of surgery is to take the full chest ( or ) as much of the chest tissue as possible. In some instances, a skin-sparing mastectomy may be an option. Approach the sawbones removes every bit small tegument as possible. The sawbones normally removes one or more lymph nodes from under the arm to look into for malignant neoplastic disease cells. If malignant neoplastic disease cells are found in the lymph nodes, other malignant neoplastic disease interventions will be needed. ( For more about information about lymph node biopsy, you may take to hold breast Reconstruction. This is fictile surgery to reconstruct the form of the chest. It may be done at the same clip as the malignant neoplastic disease surgery or subsequently. In breast-sparing surgery, the sawbones removes the malignant neoplastic disease in the chest and some normal tissue around it.Radiation TherapyIt besides called as radiation therapy it can be used to kill high-energy beams of malignant neoplastic disease cells. It affects cells merely in the portion of the organic structure that is treated. These are 2 types External radiation therapy: in this therapy radiation comes from a big machine outside the organic structure. A intervention is normally 5 yearss a hebdomad for 4 to 6 hebdomads. External radiation is the most common type used for chest malignant neoplastic disease. Internal radiation therapy: ( implant radiation therapy or brachytherapy ) . The physician places one or more thin tubings inside the chest through a bantam scratch. A radioactive substance is loaded into the tubing. The intervention session may last for a few proceedingss, and the substance is removed. When it ‘s removed, no radiation remains in your organic structure. Side effects chiefly depend on the dosage and type of radiation. It ‘s common for the tegument in the treated country to go ruddy, dry, stamp, and itchy. Your chest may experience heavy and tight. Internal radiation therapy may do your chest expression red or bruised Hormone Therapy: It may besides name anti-hormone intervention. If laboratory trials show that the tumour in your chest has hormone receptors, so hormone therapy may be an option. Hormone therapy supports malignant neoplastic disease cells from acquiring or utilizing the natural endocrines ( estrogen and Lipo-Lutin ) they need to turn. Chemotherapy: In Chemotherapy we have to utilizations drugs to kill malignant neoplastic disease cells. The drugs that are treated in chest malignant neoplastic disease are normally given through a vena ( endovenous ) . The side effects depend chiefly on which drugs are given and how much. Chemotherapy kills aggressive malignant neoplastic disease cells, but the drugs can besides harm normal cells that divide quickly. They are blood cells, cell in hair roots, cells in the digestive path. Targeted Therapy: In Some adult females with breast malignant neoplastic disease may have drugs called targeted therapy. These drugs can barricade the growing of chest malignant neoplastic disease cells. For illustration, targeted therapy may barricade the action of an unnatural protein which stimulates the growing of chest malignant neoplastic disease cells. Class Action ExamplesSERMs ( selective estrogen-receptor modulators )Bind to estrogen receptors in chest malignant neoplastic disease cells, hungering malignant neoplastic disease cells Estrogen antagonist Evista ( raloxifene ) Fareston ( toremifene )Aromatase inhibitorsIt stops the production of estrogen in adrenal secretory organ Armasin ( exemestane ) Femera ( cletrozole ) Arimidex ( ahastrozole )Biologic response qualifierIt binds the protein on chest malignant neoplastic disease cells and prevents their growing Herceptin ( megestrol ) Other hormonal therapies Breast malignant neoplastic disease dependant on estrogen for endurance treated on other hormonal therapy zoladex ( goserelin ethanoate ) Faslodex ( fulvestrant )

Why is it difficult to define a “new social movement”?

When one thinks of â€Å"new social movements† (NSM's) it is fair to say that a number of images may spring into peoples' minds. To some, Swampy chaining himself to a tree will automatically be imagined, for others, they may think of the anti-globalisation protests in Seattle or on the streets of London. The fact is that both of these ideas come under this broad title and it is for that reason that it can de difficult to define exactly what is meant by an NSM. This essay will attempt to address why NSM's have come into existence, which sections of society choose to become involved and how these groups operate. Having done this, the essay will then attempt to show why defining an NSM is problematic. It is fair to say that most people who choose to participate in NSM's do so because they feel that conventional politics does not or has not dealt with the issues that they feel are important. It is, therefore, the aim of the NSM's to highlight these issues and bring them to the attention of either the politicians or the general public in the hope that government policy will adopt a different strategy. It has been said that â€Å"one repeated motif in the discussion of new social movements is the view that they are, in contrast to older movements, primarily social or cultural in nature and only secondary, if at all, political. † (Scott, 1990:16). What Alan Scott is saying here is that the main ideas behind social movements are the attempts to change the way society exist as a whole and not necessarily the way people view their politics. Being part of a social movement is not just a way of thinking; it is a belief in a certain ideal that transcends all aspects of your life. In this way, it can be said that NSM's are expressive in their views as opposed to political parties, who are instrumental. An NSM is not necessarily motivated by achieving a pre-set goal but by the belief itself. This is one reason that can explain why members or ‘adherents' of social movements are fully prepared to make self-sacrifices, such as imprisonment, for their cause. One important ramification of this is that the adherents to social movements are prepared to step outside the law to achieve their goals. This creates a very serious dilemma for governments because if people are prepared to act illegally then the threat of legal action will not act as a deterrent. In other words, if people have a strong enough will then in the end, there is nothing to stop them. As Russell Dalton and Manfred Kuechler wrote â€Å"the new social movement approach claims that many NSM's intentionally remain outside the institutionalized framework of government. † (Dalton et al. , 1990:14). The NSM's prefer to remain in this position to avoid being forced to compromise their goals. What this suggests is that NSM's actively promote criminal behaviour and rationalize it by saying that it is for a good cause. However, in a survey conducted by Alan Marsh in 1977, it was found that 55 per cent of the people questioned believed that â€Å"it is justified to break the law to protest about something you feel may be very unjust or harmful. † (Byrne, 1997:4). Although these activities are illegal, the majority of people are prepared to act as such anyway. This illustrates the complications that arise when one tries to define NSM's. On the one hand, you could say that they choose to be troublemakers, committing crimes and illegal protests, but on the other hand, you see that in fact a substantial proportion of the population shares their views on the appropriate course of action. A major difficulty with trying to define NSM's is to distinguish with what exactly we are dealing. What is meant by this is what sort or group of people or section of society do we class as a new social movement? For example, we would class feminists and green activists as social movements but this also leads to difficulty in defining what an NSM actually is. In terms of ideology, feminists and green activists have little in common yet they would both fall into the category of NSM's. A very extreme example of this is the Al' Queida terrorist network and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND). These two groups could not be more different if they tried but to a certain extent they can both be classed as social movements. On the one hand, you have the CND, an organisation at the heart of the Peace Movement, whose â€Å"supporters have employed tactics which extend from serious academic work on the probable effects of nuclear warfare, to mass demonstrations, and to a wide variety of non-violent direct action. † (Byrne, 1997:11). On the other hand, you have the Al' Queida terrorist network, the alliance responsible for the September 11th attack upon New York's World Trade Centre and the Pentagon. This group is responsible for the deaths of thousands of innocent people – the CND, however, call for an end to weapons of mass destruction. How then can you class the Al' Queida terrorist network as a social movement? Its members are willing to step outside the conventional channels to achieve their goals. They are prepared to fight and die for their cause as long as by their death they have advanced towards their end goal – the destruction of the US. The Al' Queida is one extreme example of how an NSM can be described as irrational and unreasonable. Their adherents are not motivated by self-interest but by their unbreakable belief in the cause. They also seem to think that they are justified in breaking the law or ignoring any kind of conventional methods. Here we can see how defining a NSM can be made difficult. The spectrum when it comes to social movements is so diversified that it leads to problems in terms of what can and cannot be included. It is difficult to comprehend that two such different groups can be classified under the same heading. The Al' Queida terrorist network is, to a certain extent, an example of how NSM's choose to exist in terms of their structure. The Al' Queida exists with more recognizable members, such as Osama Bin Laden, but the fact remains that if he were to be captured or killed then that would have little effect on the remainder of the group. The adherents will still believe in their cause and they will still do all they can to realize their vision. Of course, this is a very extreme example of a NSM and when we look at more mainstream groups the structure is less militant but the basic ideas remain the same. On a whole, NSM's attempt to avoid the hierarchical approach of the conventional political parties and instead choose to opt for a more co-operative system. The CND is actually an example of how a structured organisation can exist within the informally organized Peace Movement. It is difficult to describe the structure of an NSM as even the word ‘structure' suggests some kind of organisation. Referring to NSM's as groups also causes problems as this suggests that there would be some kind of hierarchy when in fact, as Brand et al. suggest â€Å"New social movement theorists maintain that these groups prefer a decentralized, open, and democratic structure that is more in tune with the participatory tendencies of their supporters. † (Dalton et al. , 1990:13). It is clear that NSM's choose to steer away from creating any formal structure as to avoid becoming the political parties that they are attempting to influence. The structure of NSM's has strong links with their ideology. NSM's are inclined to believe more in a co-operative society where every person has his or her own personal space in which they have the right to exist and the right to choose how they wish to live their lives. This means that NSM's have no leaders as such due to the adherents wish to maintain a sense of autonomy. To many adherents of social movements it is important for them as individuals to maintain their rights to exist as they see fitting. The idea of autonomy is of great importance when trying to discuss NSM's and the fact that they demand various aspects of this autonomy adds weight to the arguments for difficulty with definition. The first aspect is personal autonomy. The idea that adherents have the social ‘space' to grow as individuals and develop their own views and ideas, as opposed to being limited by constraints placed upon them by society. An example of this sort of autonomy can be found when we look at the Women's movement of the early seventies. Here women were not only fighting for their sex as a whole but for their own personal right to equality within the male dominated system. The Women's movement is also a good example of the second aspect of autonomy: that of group autonomy. Here we can consider the issue of abortion and the rights of women. This issue can be evaluated on both levels: personal and as a group. On a personal level, the efforts of the movement mean that the choice is there and whichever path is chosen is not dictated by anyone other than the parties involved. The women's movement fought for the rights of all women to choose whether or not to have abortions so that no matter what background you come from or what religion you are, every woman has the right to choose. The third aspect of autonomy is described as the ‘autonomy of struggle', which is to say â€Å"the insistence that the movement and those it represents be allowed to fight their own corner without interference from other movements, and without subordinating their demands to other external priorities. † (Scott, 1990:20). We now see that this issue of autonomy is very important to NSM's. A social movement sees itself through its own rights and the rights of its adherents to live their lives in a certain fashion. This leads on to the idea of a social movement helping people to define themselves in terms of their place in society. This is prime example of how adherents differ to members of conventional political parties. A Conservative does not really have to make any concessions upon his or her lifestyle in order to be a member of the Conservative party but being an environmentalist is about a change in how one acts in general. What this illustrates is the argument that NSM's do not necessarily take action towards political reform but in fact towards social reform. One of the main elements that makes defining NSM's so difficult is who makes up the adherents of these movements. Over the last thirty years, there has been an increase in the so-called new politics but can this all being attributed to the uprising of the student movement or are the adherents far more diversified? As has already been mentioned, different people have different views on what they consider to be an NSM. Are we supposed to believe that all adherents are in fact longhaired, unwashed students who have nothing better to do with their time that form squatter camps and disrupt building work? The classical approach to NSM's suggests that most adherents turn to social movements due to relative deprivation. The idea that they are somehow incapable of participating in conventional politics so they choose NSM's as an alternative. However, when classicalists looked at the type of people involved in the civil rights movement in the US during the fifties and sixties, they found that it was not only the alienated black population that was involved but also the white middle class. The theory of ‘resource mobilization' was put forward as an alternative to the classical theory. Here, the authors of the theory believed that participation in NSM's was to do with resources. What ‘resources' mean is the availability of finances, office space and other intangible assets such as time and education. It suggests that there has been an evolution of the middle class to include people such as teachers and lecturers who have created a class not through economic wealth but through their knowledge and intelligence. The typical adherent to NSM's is far from the image of a tree-hugging extremist but is, in fact, a member of this new middle class, a technocrat. What are the reasons behind this? That is a hard question to answer but Ronald Inglehart suggested the theory of ‘post-materialism'. â€Å"Inglehart argues that the post-war generation have been socialized into such higher order or ‘post-material' values, and its this which motivates their support for social movements. † (Byrne, 1997:55). Here, the argument is that the people who choose to become involved in NSM's are those who feel that they have achieved all the material possessions that they can and are therefore, looking for some other kind of personal fulfillment. This theory holds a number of flaws, for example, how can Inglehart be sure that people would choose to become involved in social movements instead of charity work in their quest for personal fulfillment? Another problem arises when you try to quantify the level of material wealth that constitutes satisfaction and at which point the person decides to give up the search for more money. However, the fact remains that it has become more apparent over the years that it is this new middle class that is the typical adherents to the NSM's but it has not become clear why it is this group. The fact is that these new social movements choose to exist outside the conventional channels of politics. They do not have the same structure as the mainstream political parties as they are not supposed to be as such. They are an ideology that is followed through choice and lead to more extreme measures than usual politics to the extent that adherents make a lifestyle decision. The difficulty in defining NSM's comes from all aspects of their existence. The title of a social movement covers such a diverse range of beliefs and ideas that any kind of set rules will ultimately fail as no statement can be truly all-inclusive. Neither would NSM's want to be able to be defined as it goes against all the ideals for which they stand – the ideals of a hierarchy free alliance where the emphasis is on co-operation and not leadership. This statement itself causes problems, as it is a sweeping generalization of the group of social movements as a whole. The difficulties of defining new social movements appear because of the fact that no two movements or beliefs are exactly the same.

Sitting Presidents During Major American Wars

Sitting Presidents During Major American Wars Who was the president during each of the major U.S. wars? Heres a list of the most significant wars the U.S. has been involved in, and the wartime presidents who held office during those times.   The American Revolution   The Revolutionary War, also called the American War for Independence,  was fought from 1775 through 1783.  George Washington  was president. Spurred on by the Boston Tea Party in 1773, 13 North American colonies fought Great Britain in an effort to escape from British rule and to become a country unto themselves. The War of 1812 James Madison  was president when the U.S. next challenged Great Britain in 1812. The British did not graciously accept American independence after the Revolutionary War. Britain began seizing American sailors and doing its best to interrupt American trade. The War of 1812 has been called the Second War of Independence. It lasted until 1815.   The Mexican-American War The U.S. clashed with Mexico in 1846 when Mexico resisted  James K. Polks vision of a manifest destiny for America. War was declared as part of Americas effort to forge westward. The first battle took place on the Rio Grande. By 1848, America had taken possession of a huge swath of land, including the modern-day states of Utah, Nevada, California, New Mexico, and Arizona.   The Civil War The War Between the States lasted from 1861 until 1865.  Abraham Lincoln  was president. Lincolns opposition to slavery was well known and seven southern states promptly seceded from the union when he was elected, leaving him with a real mess on his hands. They formed the Confederate States of America and the Civil War broke out as Lincoln took steps to bring them back into the fold - and to emancipate their slaves in the process. Four more states seceded before the dust from the first Civil War battle had settled.   The Spanish American War This was a brief one, technically lasting less than a year in 1898. Tensions first began escalating between the U.S. and Spain in 1895 as Cuba fought back against Spains dominance and the U.S. supported its efforts. William McKinley  was president. Spain declared war against America on April 24, 1898. McKinley responded by declaring war as well on April 25. Not one to be upstaged, he made his declaration retroactive to April 21. The whole thing was over by December, with Spain relinquishing Cuba and ceding the territories of Guam and Puerto Rico to the U.S. Who Was President During WW1? The First World War broke out in 1914. It pitted the Central Powers (Germany, Bulgaria, Austria, Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire) against the formidable Allied Powers of the U.S., Great Britain, Japan, Italy, Romania, France, and Russia. By the time the war ended in 1918, more than 16 million people were dead, including civilians.  Woodrow Wilson  was president at the time. Presidents During WW2 Raging from 1939 until 1945, World War II actually monopolized the time and attention of two presidents:  Franklin Roosevelt and Harry S Truman. It began when Hitler invaded Poland and France. Great Britain declared war on Germany two days later. Soon, more than 30 countries were involved, with Japan  (among several other countries) joining forces with Germany. By V-J Day in August 1845, this had become the most devastating war in history, claiming between 50 and 100 million lives. The exact total has never been calculated.   The Korean War Dwight Eisenhower  was president when the Korean War broke out just five years later in 1950. Credited with being the opening salvo of the Cold War, the Korean War began when North Korean soldiers invaded other Soviet-backed Korean territories in June. The U.S. got involved to support South Korea in August. There was some concern that the fighting would mushroom into World War III, but it resolved in 1953, at least to some extent. The Korean peninsula continues to be a hotbed of political tension.   The Vietnam War Its been called the most unpopular war in American history, and four presidents (Dwight Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson, and Richard Nixon) inherited this nightmare. It lasted 15 years, from 1960 through 1975. At issue was a division not unlike that which prompted the Korean War, with Communist North Vietnam and Russia opposing U.S.-backed South Vietnam. The ultimate death toll included almost 30,000 Vietnamese civilians and roughly an equal number of American soldiers. With chants of Not our war! resounding across the U.S., President Nixon finally pulled the plug in 1973. It was two more years before U.S. forces were officially withdrawn from the region in 1975 and Communist forces took control of Saigon.   The Persian Gulf War This one landed in President  George H. W. Bushs lap in 1990 when Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait in August. He thumbed his nose at the Union Nations Security Council when it instructed him to withdraw his forces. Saudi Arabia and Egypt requested the assistance of the U.S. to help prevent Iraqs invasion of neighboring territories. America, along with several allies, complied. Operation Desert Storm raged for 42 days until President Bush declared a ceasefire in February 1991.   The Iraq War Peace or something like it settled over the Persian Gulf until 2003 when Iraq again prompted hostilities in the region.  George W. Bush  was at the helm at the time. The U.S., aided by Great Britain, successfully invaded Iraq, then insurgents took exception to this state of affairs and hostilities broke out again. The conflict didnt resolve until Barack Obamas presidency when American forces withdrew from the region by December 2011.

Why Your Job Application Was Rejected

Why Your Job Application Was Rejected Sometimes we get rejected from a job and it has nothing to do with us personally or the quality of our applications. There was some outside factor we may never know that determined the outcome, but it wasn’t something to get too down about. There are cases, however, where there probably was something we could have done better. If you’ve been getting a lot of rejections lately, it might be worth considering if perhaps there is something you’ve been doing wrong. Here are 5 things you might be getting wrong in the job search process that could be affecting your application.1. You didn’t follow directionsFollow job application instructions to the letter. Always always always format your files to the exact specifications. If it calls for double-spacing, or plain text, or a word limit, observe these guidelines as gospel dogma. And if an essay or a bit of creative work is required, while it is important to show creativity and unique thinking, it is more important not to flaunt the instructions you were given. Within those directions, however, you’re free to think as far outside of the box as you’re allowed.2. You didn’t answer the question(s)If a recruiter or an application asks you for a piece of information, chances are that information is valuable, if not crucial, to their decision-making process. Companies put a great deal into their application materials. Interviewers also. If you’re asked for an answer, give one. Don’t wait to answer certain questions at the interview- if you don’t follow through on what you’re asked, you might never get one!3. You don’t explain the gapsNever simply assume that a recruiter won’t notice a significant gap in your work history. Always account for it in your cover letter, or the resume itself. And don’t be shy about highlighting your professional accomplishments during your work gap.4. You made careless mistakesYou have spellcheck for a reason. At this point in your life, it would be absolutely embarrassing to submit an application, or even just a resume, with any spelling, grammatical, or formatting errors. Or worse, using industry terminology incorrectly. Would you hire someone so careless? No. Proofread at least twice.5. You liedEmbellish nothing. Do not fib. Do not falsely represent yourself or your experience. And do not plagiarize. You will get caught and the consequences will not be good. Better to be 100% truthful and accurate.Have you committed any of these sins? Run through your materials to check and save yourself the potential (possibly inevitable) heartbreak.

Appraisal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Appraisal - Research Paper Example 2. Do you think that Vice President Winchester would be better off dropping graphic rating forms, substituting instead one of the other techniques we discussed in this chapter, such as a ranking method? Why? Probably the problem doesn’t lie in the graphic ratings form; the problem is tied to what the form is tied to, which is the salary appraisal. It has been mentioned in the case that everyone seems to be biased in filling out the forms, so if forms get filled without any apparent bias, performance evaluation could work with the same graphic forms. If I were Rob, I would develop bonus system for every task done. It would be like a milestone plan. Every secretary’s job would be divided into certain milestones and their job will be to complete it in time satisfactorily. The immediate supervisor will rate their work on quality, schedule, expertise, communication, and knowledge, and will give those stars out of a maximum of five stars. According to this evaluation, each milestone will have its normal salary and then for higher ratings, a bonus. A Value for Money Framework (Rogers & Duffy, 2012, p198) will be built for each secretary This will be different from the previous appraisal system because employee’s bonus will be tied to their performance which already has been categorized in different forms and not just in terms of ‘perfect’, ‘good’ or